In this chapter, you will be learning the following concepts:

C++17 background
What is new in C++17?
What features are deprecated or removed in C++17?
Key features inÂ C++17Â

As you know, the C++ language is the brain child of Bjarne Stroustrup, who developed C++ in 1979. The C++ programming language is standardized by International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

The initial standardization was published in 1998, commonly referred to as C++98, and the next standardization C++03 was published in 2003, which was primarily a bug fix release with just one language feature for value initialization. In August 2011, theÂ C++11 standard was published with several additions to the coreÂ language, including several significant interesting changes to the Standard Template Library (STL);Â C++11 basically replaced theÂ C++03 standard. C++14 was published in December, 2014 with some new features, and later, theÂ C++17 standard was published on July 31, 2017. Â

At the time of writing this book, C++17 is the latest revision of the ISO/IEC standard for the C++ programming language.

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This chapter requires a compiler that supports C++17 features: gcc version 7 or later. As gcc version 7 is the latest version at the time of writing this book, I'll be using gcc version 7.1.0 in this chapter.

Note

In case you haven't installed g++ 7 that supports C++17 features, you can install it with the following commands:sudo add-apt-repository ppa:jonathonf/gcc-7.1Â sudo apt-get updateÂ sudo apt-get install gcc-7 g++-7

The complete list of C++17 features can be found atÂ http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/compiler_support#C.2B.2B17_features.

To give a high-level idea, the following are some of the new C++17 features:

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New auto rules for direct-list-initialization
static_assert with no messages
Nested namespace definition
Inline variables
Attributes for namespaces and enumerators
C++ exceptions specifications are part of the type system
Improved lambda capabilities that give performance benefits on servers
NUMA architecture
Using attribute namespaces
Dynamic memory allocation for over-aligned data
Template argument deduction for class templates
Non-type template parameters with auto type
Guaranteed copy elision
New specifications for inheriting constructors
Direct-list-initialization of enumerations
Stricter expression evaluation order
shared_mutexÂ
String conversions

Otherwise, there are many new interesting features that were added to the core C++ language: STL, lambadas, and so on. The new features give a facelift to C++, and starting from C++17, as a C++ developer, you will feel that you are working in a modern programming language, such as Java or C#.

The following features are now removed inÂ C++17:

The register keyword was deprecated in C++11 and got removed in C++17
TheÂ ++Â operator for boolÂ was deprecated in C++98Â and got removed in C++17
The dynamic exception specifications were deprecated in C++11 and and got removed in C++17

Let's explore the followingÂ C++17 key features one by one in the following sections:

Easier nested namespace
New rules for type detection from the braced initializer list
Simplified static_assert
std::invoke
Structured binding
The if and switch local-scoped variables
Template type auto-detection for class templates
Inline variables

Until theÂ C++14 standard, the syntax supported for a nested namespace in C++ was as follows:

The preceding code can be compiled and the output can be viewed with the following commands:

The output of the preceding program is as follows:

Every namespace level starts and ends with curly brackets, which makes it difficult to use nested namespaces in large applications.Â C++17 nested namespace syntax is really cool; just take a look at the following code and you will readily agree with me:

The preceding code can be compiled and the output can be viewed with the following commands:

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The output remains the same as the previous program: Photoshop cs3 mac torrent.

New rules for type auto-detection from braced initializer listÂ

C++17 introduced new rules for auto-detection of the initializer list, which complements C++14 rules. The C++17 rule insists that the program is ill-formed if an explicit or partial specialization of std::initializer_list is declared:

The preceding code can be compiled and the output can be viewed with the following commands:

The output of the preceding program is as follows:

The static_assert macro helps identify assert failures during compile time. https://brownformula.amebaownd.com/posts/16613832. This feature has been supported since C++11; however, the static_assert macro used to take a mandatory assertion failure message till, which is now made optional in C++17.

The following example demonstrates the use of static_assert with and without the message:

The output of the preceding program is as follows:

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From the preceding output, you can see that the message,Â Assertion failed, appears as part of the compilation error, while in the second compilation the default compiler error message appears,Â as we didn't supply an asser